MANGAANI, Manganum NNR 2012
Lähde:
NNR2012, ISBN 978-92-893-2670-4. Chapter 39; (613-5)
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Johdanto, Introduction
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Ravintolähteet ja saanti, Dietary sources and intake
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Fysiologia ja aineenvaihdunta, Physiology and metabolism
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Tarve ja suositeltu saanti, Requirement and recommended intake
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Ylin hyväksyttävä saanti ja myrkyllisyys, Upper intake levels and toxicity
1 Johdanto, Introduction
Mangaani
(Mn) on kemiallisesti raudan kaltainen (Fe).
Mangaani
on katalyyttinen kofaktori (cofactor) eräille entsyymeille:
arginaasi
(arginase)
,,
palorypälehappokarboksylaasi
(pyruvate carboxylase),
mitokondrian Mn-superoxididismutaasi (MnSOD) .
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977313
Mangaani
toimii myös hyvin monen muun entsyymin spesifisenä tai
epäspesifisenä aktivaattorina; eräät niistä entsyymeistä
osallistuvat proteiinien, mukopolysakkaridien (MPS) ja kolesterolin
synteesiin
Introduction
Chemically,
manganese is closely related to iron. It is a catalytic cofactor for
arginase, pyruvate carboxylase and mitochondrial superoxide
dismutase (SOD), but also functions as a specific or unspecific
activator for a large number of other enzymes, some of which
participate in the synthesis of proteins, mucopolysaccharides and
cholesterol.
2. Ravintolähteet ja saanti, Dietary sources and intake
Täysjyväviljatuotteet,
pähkinät ja lehtevät vihannekset sisältävät runsaat
mangaanimäärät. Tee on melkoinen mangaanilähde ja siinä on
mangaania 2.7 mg litrassa. Dieetistä riippuen vaihtelevat
mangaanin saannit hyvin vähäisestä ( alle 2 milligramman)
saannista suureen saantiin jopa yli 8 mg mangaania päivässä.
Ruotsalaisruoan keskimääräinen mangaanipitoisuus 1980-luvun
lopulla oli 3.6- 3.7 mg mangaania päivässä ja tuoreimman
ruokakoritutkimuksen (2010) mukaan arvioitu saanti henkilöä kohden
on 4.0 mg päivässä. Tanskassa osoittautui mangaanin saanti olevan
3.9 mg päivässä ( 100 miestä teki 48 tunnin ajan tavallisesta
ravinnostaan tupla-annoksen ( kaksi samanlaista annosta, joista
toinen syötiin ja toinen analysoitiin; Bro et al. 1990). Suomessa on
katsottu 3 -18 vuotiaitten lasten mangaanin saanti, mikä osoittautui
olevan 3 - 7 mg rajoissa päivittäin. Laskut tehtiin
elintarvikkeiden kulutuksesta ja elintarviketietueista käsin. Nämä
kaikki tutkimukset osoittavat mangaanin käytön olevan riittävää
näissä maissa. Aikuisten multivitamiini-mineraalitabletti ja
mineraalilisä antava tavallisesti 2-5 mg mangaania annosta kohden.
Unrefined
cereals, nuts and leafy vegetables have high manganese content. Tea
is a substantial contributor to manganese intake, containing
about 2.7 mg/L. Accordingly, manganese intake varies from very
low, under 2 mg to over 8 mg/day, in vegetarian diets.
The
average content of manganese in the Swedish diet analysed in
supermarket baskets and duplicate portions collected in the late
1980s was 3.6-3.7 mg/day (Becker et al 1997, Jorhem et al 1998). A
Danish study where 100 men collected duplicate portions of
their regular diets for 48 hours showed a manganese intake of 3.9
mg/day (Bro et al 1990).
The
manganese intake of Finnish children 3-18 years of age was in the
range of 3-7 mg/day calculated from food consumption data and
food contents (Bro et al 1990). These data indicate that manganese
intake is adequate in these countries. Multivitamin-mineral and
mineral supplements for adults usually provide 2-5 mg
manganese/dose.
3. Fysiologia ja aineenvaihdunta, Physiology and metabolism
Kehon
mangaanin (Mn) kokonaismäärä on
arviolta 10 - 20 mg. Suhteellisen korkea mangaanipitoisuus on
luustossa ja runsasmitokondriaisissa kudoksissa kuten maksassa,
haimassa ja munuaisessa Matala mangaanipitoisuus on lihaksessa ja
plasmassa.
Mangaanin
imeytyminen ravinnosta on vähäistä, noin 5% ravinnon
mangaanista imeytyy.
Erittyminen
pois kehosta
tapahtuu pääasiassa sapen kautta.
Eläinkokeitten
mukaan mangaanin imeytymistä
vähentää ravinnon rauta, kalkki ja fytiinihappo
(inositoli heksafosfaatti, IP6. Phytic acid)(Hurley et al. 1987).
Ihmiseltä
on todettu kalsiumin negatiivinen vaikutus mangaanin imeytymiseen,
mutta raudan ja fytiinin vaikutus ei näytä olevan huomattava
(Davidsson et al. 1991). Ravinnossa otetut suuret mangaanimäärät
estävät raudan imeytymistä (Rossander - Hulthen 1991) ja
raudanpuutetapauksissa on raportoitu mangaania imeytyvän
suuremmissa määrin ( Mena et al. 1969; Meltzer et al. 2010).
Koe-eläimen
mangaaninpuute johtaa
kasvunvähenemään, luuston poikkeavuuksiin ja rasva- sekä
hiilihydraattiaineenvaihdunnan defekteihin (Hurley et al. 1987)
Ihmisestä on kuvattu vain rajallinen joukko mangaaninpuutosoireita
mangaanittomilla koedieeteillä tehdyin tutkimuksin (Friedman et al.
1987). Mangaaninpuuteoireita ovat
mahdollisesti ihomuutokset ja hypokolesterolemia samoin luuston
diffuusi mineraalikato ja lasten heikompi kasvu. On saatavilla vain
hyvin vähän informaatiota mangaanin saannin suhteesta
terveydellisiin lopputuloksiin (end points) tai tautien ehkäisyyn (
Brown et al. 2012)
The
total body content of manganese is estimated to be 10-20 mg. The
concentration is relatively high in bone and in organs rich in
mitochondria, such as liver, pancreas and kidney, while muscle
and plasma have low concentrations. Absorption from the diet is
low, approximately 5 %, and excretion is primarily through the bile.
Animal studies have shown that iron, calcium and phytic acid
reduce the absorption of manganese(Hurley et al 1987). A negative
effect of calcium has been shown in humans, while the effect of iron
and phytic acid does not seem to be pronounced (Davidsson et al
1991). High intakes of manganese inhibit iron absorption
(Rossander-Hulten 1991), and a higher absorption of manganese has
been reported in iron deficiency (Mena et al 1969, Meltzer et
al 2010).
Manganese
deficiency in experimental animals results in reduced growth,
skeletal abnormalities and defects in lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism (Hurley et al 1987). In humans, only a limited
number
of possible manganese deficiency symptoms have been described
in experimental studies with a manganese-deficient diet (Friedman et
a1987). Dermal changes and hypocholesterolaemia are possible signs of
manganese deficiency, as well as diffuse bone demineralization
and poor growth in children. Very little information is
available concerning the relationship between manganese intake and
health endpoints or disease prevention (Brown et al. 2012).
4. Tarve ja saantisuositus, Requirement and recommended intake
Ihmisen
mangaanin tarpeen ( Average Requirement, AR) tai suositellun
päivittäisen saannin (Recommended Daily Intake, RDI) määritykseen
on edelleenkin tieteellinen tieto mangaanin aineenvaihdunnasta ja
matalan saannin seuraamuksista riittämätöntä.
Tasapainotutkimukset viittaavat siihen suuntaan, että mangaanin
päivittäisenä saantina 0.74 milligramman (mg) mangaani-määrän
päivässä pitäisi korvata päivittäiset mangaanin menetykset
(Freeland et al. 1988). Yhden milligramman (1 mg) päivittäin
ylittävistä manganin saanneista seuraa yleensä positiivinen
mangaanitasapaino ( Brown et al. 2012).
US
FNB Food and Nutrition Board (2001) ei pitänyt havaittuja tietoja
riittävinä, jotta olisi voitu asettaa arvioitu
keskimääräinen mangaanitarve
(Estimated Average Requirement, EAR), vaan käytti
ravintotutkimusperäisiä mangaanin keskimääräisiä ottoja, jotka
saatiin ravintotutkimuksesta US Total Diet Study (vuosina 1982-9)
ja asetti niiden perusteella riittävät saannit . Täten riittävä
saanti ( Adequate Intake; AI) suositus aikuisillle, miehille pn
asetettu lukemaan 2.3 mg Mn päivässä ja naisille 1.8 mg Mn
päivässä.
Vuonna 1993 EU SCF ehdotti mangaanin hyväksyttäväksi saanniksi 1-
10 milligrammaa päivässä.
NNR
2004 ei sisältänyt ( kuten ei myöskään NNR1996-laitos) mitään
mangaanisuosituksia. Koska sen jälkeenkään ei ole mangaanista
tehty mitään uusia relevantteja ihmistutkimuksia, on nytkin vaikea
määrittää mangaanintarpeen arvoja, joten ei tälläkään erää
anneta mitään suosituksia millekään ikäryhmälle. Tiedot
raskaus- ja imetysajaltakin ovat liian kapea-alaiset, jotta
voitaisiin määrittää niiden jaksojen mangaanintarpeita, eikä
ihmiseltä ole edes havaittu raskauden tai imetyksen aikaista
mangaaninpuutetta.
Mangaania
erittyy rintamaidossa arviolta alle 1 % mangaanin
kokonaiserityksestä eikä ole mitään selkeää korrelaatiota
ravinnossa saadun mangaanin ja rintamaitoon erittyvän mangaanin
pitoisuuden kesken (Brown et al. 2012). On tehty systemaattinen
katsaus 15 tutkimuksista, jotka on julkaistu tammikuun1990 ja
lokakuun 2011 välisenä aikana ja niistä noudettiin tietoja
rintamaidon mangaanin pitoisuuksista ( Brown et al. 2012). Nämä
pitoisuudet olivat tasoa 0.8- 30 ug/L. Kolmenkymmenen yhden
ruotsalaisen maitonäytteen mangaanipitoisuuden mediaanin (SD)
havaittiin olevan 3.23 (0.27 ) ug/L (Parr et al. 1991).
Our
knowledge of manganese metabolism and the consequences of low intakes
are insufficient for determining requirements and recommended
daily intakes for humans. Balance studies have suggested that
an intake of 0.74 mg/day should be sufficient to replace daily losses
of manganese (Freeland et al 1988). Intakes over 1 mg/day
generally result in a positive manganese balance (Brown et al. 2012).
The
EU Scientific Committee for Food (1993) considered a ‘safe and
adequate intake’ to be 1-10 mg/person/day. The US Food and
Nutrition Board (2001) found data to be insufficient for setting an
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for manganese, but used median
intakes reported from the US Total Diet Study 1982-9 as a basis
for setting adequate intakes (Pennington and Young 1991). The AI for
adult men and women is set at 2.3 and 1.8 mg/day, respectively.
In 1993, the EU Scientific Committee for Food (1993) suggested 1-10
mg/day to be an acceptable intake of manganese.
The
Nordic Recommendations of 2004 did not include recommendations for
manganese intake. As
very few relevant human studies have been conducted since then,
requirements are also difficult to determine this time, and
accordingly, recommendations are not given for any age group.
Data are also too limited to determine requirements for manganese
during pregnancy and lactation, and manganese deficiency of pregnant
or lactating women has not been observed in humans. Manganese
excretion from breast milk is estimated to be below 1% of the total
manganese excretion. There is no clear correlation between dietary
intake and breast milk manganese concentration (Brown et al. 2012).
In a systematic review of studies, including studies published
from January 1990 to October 2011, 15 studies reporting breast
milk manganese concentration were retrieved (Brown et al.
2012), with levels ranging from 0.8-30 μg/L. Median (SD) manganese
concentration of 31 Swedish milk samples was found to be 3.23 (0.27)
μg/L (Parr et al. 1991).
5. Suurin hyväksyttävä saanti ja toksisuus, Upper intake levels and toxicity
Mangaanitoksisuutta,
mikä ilmenee psykologisina ja neurologisina muutoksina, on havaittu
mangaanikaivostyöläisillä. (Mena et al. 1969) ja neurologiset
oireet muistuttavat Parkinsonin taudin oireita.
Todennäköinen syy näihin vaikutuksiin on
mangaanipölyn hengittäminen, koska suun kautta nautitulla
korkeallakaan mangaanimäärällä ei ole tunnettua myrkyllisyyttä.
Epidemiologiset tutkimukset, lähinnä poikkileikkaustutkimukset,
viittaavat siihen, että lasten hermostolliseen systeemiin saattaisi
juomavesiperäisellä
mangaani-altistuksella olla jotain negatiivista vaikutusta.
EU
SCF-komitea (The Scientific Committee on Food) havaitsi nykytiedoissa
liikaa epävarmuutta, jotta niiden perusteella voisi asettaa
mangaanille jonkinlaista suurimman siedetyn saannin ylärajaa
(Tolerable Upper Intake Level).Ja UK FSA- virastokin ( The UK Food
Standards Agency 2003 ) piti nykytietoja liian riittämättöminä,
jotta voisi vahvistaa edes mangaanin turvallisen saannin ylärajan (
Safe Upper Level).
Manganese
toxicity, which manifests as psychological and neurological
changes, has been observed in workers in manganese mines (Mena et al
1969) and the neurological symptoms are
reminiscent of those seen in Parkinson’s disease. Inhalation of
manganese dust is the likely explanation for these effects
because toxicity due to a high dietary intake is
unknown. Epidemiological studies, mostly cross-sectional,
indicate that manganese exposure from drinking water might have a
negative effect on the nervous system of children.
The
EU Scientific Committee for Food (2006) found that data for
setting a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of manganese were too
uncertain, and the UK Foods Standards Agency (2003) has also
found data to be insufficient to establish a Safe Upper Level for
manganese.
Päivitys NNR 2012 mukaan netistä 20.2. 2013
Päivitys NNR2012 kirjasta 23.11. 2015 Tarkistettava kolesterolivaikutuksen suhteen.
Comment 4.5. 2020
ZIP14- Geeni, jolla on merkitystä mangaanin aineenvaihduntaan.
SLC39A14 Deficiency. Authors Tuschl K1, Gregory A2, Meyer E1, Clayton PT1, Hayflick SJ2, Mills PB1, Kurian MA1. Editors In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors.Source GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. 2017 May 25.Excerpt CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
SLC39A14
deficiency is characterized by evidence between ages six months and
three years of delay or loss of motor developmental milestones (e.g.,
delayed walking, gait disturbance). Early in the disease course,
children show axial hypotonia followed by dystonia, spasticity,
dysarthria, bulbar dysfunction, and signs of parkinsonism including
bradykinesia, hypomimia, and tremor. By the end of the first decade they
develop severe, generalized, pharmaco-resistant dystonia, limb
contractures, and scoliosis, and lose independent ambulation. Cognitive
impairment appears to be less prominent than motor disability. Some
affected children have succumbed in their first decade due to secondary
complications such as respiratory infections. DIAGNOSIS/TESTING:
The diagnosis of SLC39A14 deficiency is established in a proband with progressive dystonia-parkinsonism (often combined with other signs such as spasticity and parkinsonian features), characteristic neuroimaging findings, hypermanganesemia, and biallelic pathogenic variants in SLC39A14 on molecular genetic testing. MANAGEMENT:
Treatment of manifestations: Symptomatic treatment includes physiotherapy and orthopedic management to prevent contractures and maintain ambulation; use of adaptive aids (walker or wheelchair) for gait abnormalities; and use of assistive communication devices. Support by a speech and language/feeding specialist and nutritionist to assure adequate nutrition and to reduce the risk of aspiration. When an adequate oral diet can no longer be maintained, gastrostomy tube placement should be considered. Antispasticity medications (baclofen and botulinum toxin) and L-dopa have had limited success. While chelation therapy with intravenous administration of disodium calcium edetate early in the disease course shows promise, additional studies are warranted. Prevention of primary manifestations: Unknown, but disodium calcium edetate chelation therapy shows promise; additional studies are warranted. Surveillance: Routine monitoring of: Height and weight using age- and gender-appropriate growth charts; Swallowing and diet to assure adequate nutrition; Ambulation and speech; Whole-blood manganese levels and brain MRI to assess treatment response and disease progression. Agents/circumstances to avoid: Environmental manganese exposure (i.e., contaminated drinking water, occupational manganese exposure in welding/mining industries, contaminated ephedrone preparations). High manganese content of total parenteral nutrition. Foods very high in manganese, including: cloves; saffron; nuts; mussels; dark chocolate; pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower seeds. Evaluation of relatives at risk: Molecular genetic testing for the familial SLC39A14 pathogenic variants of apparently asymptomatic younger sibs of an affected individual allows early identification of sibs who would benefit from prompt initiation of treatment and preventive measures. GENETIC COUNSELING:
SLC39A14 deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Heterozygotes (carriers) are asymptomatic and are not at risk of developing the disorder. At conception, each sib of an affected individual has a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier. Once the SLC39A14 pathogenic variants have been identified in an affected family member, carrier testing of at-risk relatives, prenatal testing for a pregnancy at increased risk, and preimplantation genetic testing are possible.
Copyright © 1993-2020, University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights reserved.
The diagnosis of SLC39A14 deficiency is established in a proband with progressive dystonia-parkinsonism (often combined with other signs such as spasticity and parkinsonian features), characteristic neuroimaging findings, hypermanganesemia, and biallelic pathogenic variants in SLC39A14 on molecular genetic testing. MANAGEMENT:
Treatment of manifestations: Symptomatic treatment includes physiotherapy and orthopedic management to prevent contractures and maintain ambulation; use of adaptive aids (walker or wheelchair) for gait abnormalities; and use of assistive communication devices. Support by a speech and language/feeding specialist and nutritionist to assure adequate nutrition and to reduce the risk of aspiration. When an adequate oral diet can no longer be maintained, gastrostomy tube placement should be considered. Antispasticity medications (baclofen and botulinum toxin) and L-dopa have had limited success. While chelation therapy with intravenous administration of disodium calcium edetate early in the disease course shows promise, additional studies are warranted. Prevention of primary manifestations: Unknown, but disodium calcium edetate chelation therapy shows promise; additional studies are warranted. Surveillance: Routine monitoring of: Height and weight using age- and gender-appropriate growth charts; Swallowing and diet to assure adequate nutrition; Ambulation and speech; Whole-blood manganese levels and brain MRI to assess treatment response and disease progression. Agents/circumstances to avoid: Environmental manganese exposure (i.e., contaminated drinking water, occupational manganese exposure in welding/mining industries, contaminated ephedrone preparations). High manganese content of total parenteral nutrition. Foods very high in manganese, including: cloves; saffron; nuts; mussels; dark chocolate; pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower seeds. Evaluation of relatives at risk: Molecular genetic testing for the familial SLC39A14 pathogenic variants of apparently asymptomatic younger sibs of an affected individual allows early identification of sibs who would benefit from prompt initiation of treatment and preventive measures. GENETIC COUNSELING:
SLC39A14 deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Heterozygotes (carriers) are asymptomatic and are not at risk of developing the disorder. At conception, each sib of an affected individual has a 25% chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being an asymptomatic carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected and not a carrier. Once the SLC39A14 pathogenic variants have been identified in an affected family member, carrier testing of at-risk relatives, prenatal testing for a pregnancy at increased risk, and preimplantation genetic testing are possible.
Copyright © 1993-2020, University of Washington, Seattle. GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights reserved.
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